The inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The inequality - Essay Example The blame game going on is deep-rooted in the inappropriate structure of the American economy that cultivates inequality. Economic inequality can be gauged by comparing the earnings of a worker at the top with those of a worker at the middle. The economic inequality has grown more than two-folds from 1978 to 2010. Today, 400 Americans have more income than half of the total population of The US. In the economic boom from the Second World War up until 1978, economic benefits were widely distributed and the whole society benefited. But as the US started to recover from the economic recession of 2008, 95% of the gains went to the top 1% people. Something happened in the early 1980s that altered the relationship between economic growth and wages for the worse. Along with the stagnation of wages for the middle-class, costs of housing, education, healthcare and other facilities have soared up. Multinational companies are not increasing their products or services’ range so that more people would be hired because more and more people are aspiring to join the middle class while the purchasing power of the massive middle class in the US is decreasing. The stringent tax laws of the US serve as a disincentive for multinational corporations to bring their money to the US, so they instead spend their money buying other companies e.g. Microsoft buying Nokia. Some inequality is desirable in a capitalist system to motivate people to work hard and rise up economically, but the real problem is rooted in the inequality of opportunities in the US. The inequality of opportunities is much attributable to biased tax laws determined by the top 1% in their own favor. The existing economic structure of the US is shattering Americans’ confidence in democracy at large. An economy cannot be stable without having a strong middle-class. When adjusted for inflation, the median wage in the US is declining, and that is increasing the

Ec Assignment for Microbiology Essay Example for Free

Ec Assignment for Microbiology Essay 1) First, the urine sample container should be labeled accordingly. Urine samples and transport containers should be free of any particles or anything that may interfere with the sample. The sample should be in a secure container with a leak resistant lid; this will also prevent exposure to the person handling the sample while also protecting the sample from being contaminated. It is important to not reuse any specimen container to insure that the sample is in a sterile environment and is not at risk from being contaminated. Nurses can encourage the patient to wash their hands before and after they provide the sample. The patient can also be advised to replace the lid on the specimen as soon as the sample has been collected to keep contaminates from getting in the sample. Nurses should explain that these steps will ensure the most accurate results. Nurses should also follow protocol to avoid contamination. Nurses should wear gloves at all times and wash their hands regularly. Urine should be stored properly as to avoid any additional growth of bacteria. (Becton, 2004) 2) This protocol is for samples analyzed in a doctor’s office or for a routine laboratory culture that were midstream samples for urine culture or for urinary tract infections. Negative macroscopic screened urines do not routinely require microscopic examination of urine sediment. Microscopic examination of urine sediment may be warranted when macroscopic examination is positive for blood (Hb), protein (greater than a trace), nitrite, leukocyte esterase, turbidity, or glucose concentration greater than 55mmol/l. Choices for urinalysis are urine culture only, Macroscopic microscopic if dipstick positive, Macroscopic urine culture if pyuric or nitrite present, Macroscopic dipstick, Microscopic, or special case. (Association, 2011) 3) The most common symptoms of a urinary tract infection are pain or burning feeling during urination, feeling of urgency to urinate, altered appearance of the urine, pain or pressure in the rectum for men or in the area of the pubic bone for women, and only passing a tiny amount of urine even when the urge to urinate is strong. (Net, 2011) Edith is more susceptible to a urinary tract infection because she is a female. Women have shorter urethras therefore it is easier for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Men are much less likely than women to get UTIs and when they do it is often related to another underlying medical condition, such as kidney stone or an enlarged prostate. (WebMD, 2005-2012) 4) Cipro is short for ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. Cipro stops the multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of their genetic material. (Net, ciprofloaxin (Cipro, Cipro XR) drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com , 2012) 5) Clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50s subunit of the ribosomal thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting to stunted cell growth. (LLC) 6) Most antibiotics are taken in a pill form and they can kill many of different strains of good bacteria in the digestive tract. A common complaint of taking antibiotics is stomach upset and diarrhea. Eating yogurt while taking antibiotics may help prevent some of the discomfort of antibiotic use because yogurt is made from milk and fermented with live cultures of the same types of bacteria that are normally present in a healthy digestive tract. Continuing to eat yogurt several days after discontinuing the antibiotics may help to replace good bacteria in the intestines. (Strong) 7) The warnings in using Clindamycin include but are not limited to diarrhea, colitis, and pseudo membranous colitis. These symptoms can persist for several weeks after discontinuing the use of the antibiotic. (A.D.A.M.) 8) The bad bacteria, that can cause diarrhea in people taking antibiotics, are called C difficile and its numbers are normally kept at low levels by the healthy flora in the gut. When a person is treated with antibiotics and the amount of healthy bacteria is decreased, C difficile may begin to multiply and produce a substance that is toxic and can cause diarrhea. This is known as pseudo membranous colitis. (About.com) The Clostridium difficile bacteria are normally present in the intestine; however, it may overgrow when antibiotics are taken. The bacteria release a powerful toxin that causes the symptoms. The lining of the colon becomes inflamed and bleeds, and takes on a characteristic appearance called pseudo membranes. (A.D.A.M) 15) C. difficile often relapses because it passes through a life cycle in which the actively dividing form transforms itself into the spore stage. Spores are inert and metabolically inactive, so they do not cause disease. At the same time though spores are very tough and are hard to kill even with the most powerful antibiotics. (Publications, 2000-2012) 16) A nonsocomial infection can be spread by cross-infection (from one patient to another), endogenous infection (a patient’s own flora), or environmental transfer (an object being used on a patient that is already contaminated). A patient’s risk may be increased due to age, decreased immune resistance, underlying disease, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions. (Broaddus, 1997) 17) Clostridium difficile was first described in 1935 as a component of the intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. The active role of C. difficile in human disease was not recognized until the 1970s when it was identified as the causative agent of pseudo membranous colitis. Additional studies demonstrated that C. difficile-associated disease encompasses a range of disease severity from colitis to toxic megacolon.

Entrepreneurship In Contexts Of Business Management Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurship In Contexts Of Business Management Commerce Essay The business world can be seen as a complex system of individuals and business organisations that, in a free market economy such as South Africa, involves the activity of transforming scarce resources into products and services in order to meet the needs of society (Du Toit, Erasmus Strydom, 2007:4). Business organisations therefore solve the fundamental economic problem of how to ensure the highest possible satisfaction of needs with scarce resources (Cronje, Du Toit Motlatla, 2001:23). In order to understand how the business organisation satisfies the needs of society in a free market economy, it is important to understand the driving force behind the business organisation, namely the entrepreneur (Du Toit et al., 2007:37). The entrepreneur is at the heart of a free market economy and establishes business organisations and in doing so creates jobs and wealth (Cronje et al., 2001:3). Entrepreneurs and new business creation is fundamental to the growth of the South African economy and to the future socio-political stability of the country (Von Broembsen, Wood Herrington, 2005:5). Due to low economic growth, high unemployment and an unsatisfactory level of poverty in South Africa, entrepreneurship becomes a critical solution (Rwigema Venter, 2004:27). As mentioned in Chapter 1, one of the most important groups of entrepreneurs within the economy with considerable potential to contribute to economic growth, economic development and employment generation are business women (Blumberg Kenan, 2008; Ahl, 2006; Negash, 2006; Blumberg, 2005; Republic of South Africa, 2005; Baker, Aldrich Liou, 1997). Therefore, this study focuses on the strategic entrepreneurial behaviour of business women in South Africa. An improved understanding of entrepreneurial behaviour and decision-making would enable business management students to better understand how business organisations function in todays competitive environment. In this chapter the concept of business management is addressed. The chapter starts by introducing the subject of economics, followed by an overview of business management as a discipline. This section leads to a discussion of the relationship between economics and business management. Then follows a section which elaborates on entrepreneurship and strategic management as well as a section how these two fields overlap. Special attention is given to entrepreneurship and strategic management in an attempt to clarify the position of this study in a business management context. The position of the study within the field of economics and business management is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: The position of the study within the field of economics and business management 2.2 ECONOMICS Economics has been defined in various ways in its more than 200 year history (Arnold, 2004:3). It is therefore useful to review a number of definitions of what economics entails. Alfred Marshall (1824-1924) broadly defined economics as the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it is the study of wealth and of man. Lionel Robbins (1898-1984) definition focussed on alternative outputs that can be achieved with scarce resources. He defined economics as the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. Similarly, Milton Friedman (1912-2006) said that economics is the science of how a particular society solves its economic problems. He then argues that an economic problem exists whenever scarce means are used to satisfy alternative ends (Arnold, 2004:3). It seems from the above definitions that economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources (Mankiw, 2004:4). More comprehensively, economic s is the study of how individuals and societies deal with the fact that wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants (Arnold, 2004:3). The condition, under which wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants, is called scarcity (Arnold, 2004:3). This endeavour to achieve the highest possible satisfaction of needs with scarce resources is known as the fundamental economic principle (Smit, Cronje, Brevis Vrba, 2007:20) and every economic system is subject to it (Cronje et al., 2001:23). That being so, it follows that any component of an economic system, including a business organisation, is also subject to the economic principle (Nieman Bennett, 2006:6; Cronje et al., 2001:23). In order to create wealth and satisfy wants, as implied in the definitions, resources are utilised (Nickels, McHugh McHugh, 2008:9). Resources are divided into four broad categories, called factors of production. These factors of production are: land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship (Arnold, 2004:5). Land includes all natural resources, such as minerals, forests, water and unimproved land. Labour, on the other hand, consists of the physical and mental talents people contribute to the production process. Capital consists of produced goods that can be used as inputs for further production. Entrepreneurship, the focus of this study, refers to the particular talent that some individuals have for organising the resources of land, labour, and capital to produce goods, seek new business opportunities, and develop new ways of doing things (Arnold, 2004:5). It furthermore refers to the initiative of putting together a range of production factors in various combinations in diverse busin esses to satisfy the numerous needs of consumers (Nieman Bennett 2006:6). The field of economics is traditionally divided into two broad subfields, namely, microeconomics and macroeconomics (Mankiw, 2004:4). On the one hand, microeconomics deals with human behaviour and choices as they relate to relatively small units and studies interactions through individual markets, given scarcity and government regulation (Arnold, 2004:27). In other words, microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. On the other hand, macroeconomics deals with human behaviour and choices as they relate to highly aggregate markets or to the entire economy (Arnold, 2004:4). Macroeconomics is thus the study of economy-wide phenomena (Mankiw, 2004:27). The present study is related to microeconomics as it deals with individuals i.e. business women and how they make decisions to allocate scarce resources. Neoclassical economists are interested in decision-making, especially the costs and incentives associated with economic choices (Hicks, 1937). The decision-making process plays an important role in any business organisation and is of importance for problem-solving, the development of business plans, and goal-directed behaviour (Gray, 2001). In macroeconomics, a neoclassical synthesis was developed in the early 1950s, based on an integration of Keyness ideas and the ideas of earlier economists (Blanchard, 2006:576). These theories had a fundamental impact on the modern understanding of firms and their relation to the environment. In economics theories are useful for explaining and predicting economic behaviour. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2005:5). The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories which describe the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, its behaviour, and its relationship with the market (Coase, 1937), which impact business management scholars understanding of the field. The theory of the firm is based on a simple assumption namely that firms try to maximise their profits (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2005:5). The theory of the firm furthermore provides an explanation of how a firm makes cost-minimising production decisions and how its cost varies with output (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2005:188). In simplified terms, the theory of the firm attempts to answer questions regarding the existence of firms, the boundaries of firms, the organisation of firms and questions con cerning heterogeneity of firm actions and performances (Coase, 1937). To summarise, the field of economics focuses on how society manages its scarce resources, also called factors of production, to satisfy the needs of society. In order to understand how entrepreneurship, as one of the factors of production, influences wealth creation in the economy, one has to appreciate the role of business management which is concerned with the management aspects of the factors of production. 2.3 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AS A DISCIPLINE The origins of traditional management can be traced back to the need for efficiency and effectiveness (Weymes, 2004:340). The endeavour to achieve the highest possible satisfaction of needs with scarce resources is known as the fundamental economic principle (Smit et al., 2007:20). Within economic and management sciences, traditional business management is subject to this principle, and the managements task is thus is to decide how an organisation can achieve the highest possible output with the least possible input (Smit et al., 2007:20; Scheepers, 2009:7). More specifically, it entails an examination of the factors, methods and principles that enable a business to function as productively as possible in order to maximise its profits (Nieman, 2005:39). In short, the individual business enterprise should focus on realising the economic principle (Scheepers, 2009:7). The study of business management depends on comprehensive and ongoing research and the examination of management problems, the testing of approaches and principles as well as experimentation with methods and techniques. Business management is thus an applied science that studies how business organisations can best be directed towards realising their objectives given their limited resources (Du Toit et al., 2007:27). Klekamp (1968:54) defines business management as achieving organisational goals through people. It is useful to consider this time-worn definition through the perspective of three fundamental schools of management. These schools are: the traditional school of management; the behavioural school of management and the quantitative school of management. It appears that the traditional school sees the achievement of organisational goals as a process. It further suggests that the process is universal i.e. the distinguishing characteristic of a manager is the mastery of her discipline and the application of her art rather that the environment in which it is practiced. The behavioural school, on the other hand, focuses on the achievement of goals, as the process does, but dwells to a large extent upon why people act as they do when under the influence of the management process and in the company of people grouped together for the accomplishment of organisational goals. Alternatively, the quantitative school proposes that the achievement of goals depends to a large extent on the quality of the decisions made in the practice of the management science (Klekamp, 1968:54). Although, business management has been defined by a number of authors, fundamental to most definitions is the idea that management is a social process of planning, coordination, control, and motivation (Pettinger, 2002; Hodgetts, 1981:114). One can infer that business management therefore involves satisfying needs with a limited amount of resources through planning, coordination, control, and motivation of these resources (Ward, 2008:19). The many definitions offered in the literature on management demonstrate the wide differences of opinion among writers and experts about the tasks and activities of management. Figure 2.2 illustrates the four fundamental tasks that are singled out as the most important activities of the management process. These are: planning, organising, leading and control (Du Toit et al., 2007:129). Figure 2.2: The four fundamental management tasks represented as a process SOURCE: Adapted from Du Toit et al., 2007:130 The following brief description of the fundamental management tasks clarifies the concept of management and the management process. The first fundamental task of management, namely planning, determines the mission and goals of the organisation, including the way goals are to be reached in the long-term, and the resources needed for this task (Du Toit et al., 2007:130). Strategic management is an integral part of planning and is the process of developing a vision, mission and long-term objectives for the organisation as a whole. According to Nieman and Bennett (2002:14), organisations succeed if their strategies are appropriate for the circumstances they face, and feasible in respect of their resources, skills and capabilities. Strategic management is discussed in more depth in Section 2.6. The second fundamental task in the management process is organising. This task refers to the development of a framework or organisational structure to indicate how people, equipment and materials should be employed to reach the predetermined goals (Du Toit et al., 2007:130). Leading, the third fundamental task, entails directing the human resources of the business and motivating them (Du Toit et al., 2007:130) in order to get them to perform in such a way that the organisational objectives can be achieved (Nieman Bennett, 2006:99). The final fundamental task, namely control, implies that managers should constantly establish whether the business is on a proper course towards the accomplishment of its goals (Du Toit et al., 2007:131) as well as structuring the activities of the organisation to facilitate the attainment of its objectives (Nieman Bennett, 2006:93). The fundamental task of business management is, however, not only to plan, organise, lead, and to control but to study those factors, principles and methods that will lead a business organisation, as a component of the prevailing economic system, to reach its objectives against the background of limited resources (Du Toit et al., 2007:28) within the microeconomic field of study. In the following section the relationship between economics and business management is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of a business organisation as a component of the economic system, specifically how, as a need-satisfying institution in the free market economy, it provides for the needs of the community (Cronje et al., 2001:32). 2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT On the one hand, economics, as a social science, studies how humans and society exercise choices concerning different ways of utilising their scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited needs. On the other hand, business management as an applied science is concerned with the study of those institutions in a particular economic system which satisfy the needs of a community. Economics examines the entire economic system, while business management limits its studies to one component of the economic system, namely the individual organisation (Cronje et al., 2001:23). Business management is thus closely linked with microeconomics and the theory of the firm as the purpose of business management is to hold an organisation to the economic principle (Cronje et al., 2001:23). Business management, as a field of study, is concerned with the management aspects of the inputs, the conversion process, and the outputs (Nieman Bennett, 2006:6). More specifically, it entails an examination of the factors, methods and principles that enable a business to function as productively as possible in order to maximise profits (Nieman Bennett, 2002:4). In order to recognise how the business organisation satisfies the needs of society in a free market economy, such as South Africa, one has to understand one of the driving forces behind the business organisation, namely the entrepreneur (Du Toit et al., 2007:37). 2.5 ENTREPRENEURSHIP Economic development can be directly attributed to the level of entrepreneurial activity in a country (Bird, 1989; Schumpeter, 1934) as entrepreneurial businesses are responsible for growth and job creation in the economy (Nieman, Hough Nieuwenhuizen, 2003:3). Entrepreneurship is the process that causes change in the economic system through innovations of individuals who respond to opportunities in the market. Entrepreneurs are challenging existing assumptions as well as conventional rules of business and are creating value in novel and creative ways for themselves and society (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2008:3). It is therefore important to study entrepreneurship in an increasingly globalised world where survival often depends on people who are driven by opportunity and who seek to achieve their goals in a sustainable way (Rwigema Venter, 2004:9). Although the term entrepreneurship has been in use for over 200 years, considerable disagreement remains over its meaning. Although the disagreement seems greatest if definitions of entrepreneurship between disciplines are compared, a consensus is found if definitions produced by specialists in the same field, are compared (Nieman et al., 2003:9). Economists, for example, tend to agree that entrepreneurs are associated with innovation and are seen as the driving forces of development (Filion, 1998). The behaviourists, on the other hand, try to understand the entrepreneur as a person and ascribe to the characteristics of mainly the flexible interpretative models. The behavioural approach places emphasis on explaining how decisions are taken within the firm. However, any theory of entrepreneurship must be flexible and multidimensional to reflect its multidisciplinary roots (Nieman et al., 2003:9; Filion, 1998). While multiple definitions of entrepreneurship could be found in the literature (Sharma Chrisman, 1999; Venkataraman, 1997; Schumpeter, 1983; Kirzner, 1973), no single definition has been accepted by the whole entrepreneurship field (Scheepers, 2007:25). For the purposes of the present study entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources to exploit an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2006:5; Stevenson, Roberts Grousback, 1989). Since this definition implies that: (1) entrepreneurship may vary in terms of the extent and number of times it occurs; (2) entrepreneurship occurs in various contexts for example start-ups and corporate firms; (3) it is a process that can be managed; and (4) it creates value and it is opportunity-driven (Scheepers, 2009). Firstly, regarding the implication that entrepreneurship may vary in terms of the extent and number of times it occurs, it is useful to examine the concept of entrepreneurial intensity (EI). The term of EI was pioneered by Morris and Sexton (1996), who view EI as a function of the degree and frequency of entrepreneurship (Morris, 1998:42). Frequency of entrepreneurship refers to the number of times an enterprise acts entrepreneurially. In other words, the number of entrepreneurial events that takes place within a company over a given period of time (Morris et al., 2008:69; Morris, 1998:42). The degree of entrepreneurship could be assessed against the background of three dimensions: innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness (Erasmus Scheepers, 2008; Morris, 1998:37). Innovativeness, the first dimension of the degree of entrepreneurship, refers to the ability to generate ideas that will culminate in the production of new products, services and technologies. Risk-taking, the second dimension, involves the determination and courage to make resources available for projects that have uncertain outcomes. Attempts are made to manage these risks by researching a market, recruiting and employing skilled staff among other strategies. Proactiveness, the third dimension, indicates top managements stance towards opportunities, encouragement of initiative, competitive aggressiveness and confidence in pursuing enhanced competitiveness (Morris, 1998:18, 41-43). The concept of EI is illustrated in Figure 2.3. The two-dimensional matrix, referred to as the entrepreneurial grid, shows the frequency of entrepreneurial events on the vertical axis, and the degree to which these events are innovative, risk-taking and proactive on the horizontal axis (Morris et al., 2008:69). EI must become a key activity ratio that is monitored on an ongoing basis within organisations. Assessment at the level of the organisation can be used for various purposes: to benchmark and track levels of entrepreneurship; establish norms and draw industry comparisons; establish entrepreneurship goals; develop strategies; and assess relationships between EI and organisation performance variables over time (Morris et al., 2008:78). Figure 2.3: The entrepreneurial grid SOURCE: Morris et al., 2008:70 Secondly, as implied in the definition of Stevenson et al. (1989) entrepreneurship in reality can occur in various organisational contexts (Morris et al., 2008:11). These organisational contexts may range from establishing a new enterprise, growing an existing small business, or innovation within large organisations (Scheepers, 2009:27). In other words, entrepreneurship can also be used to describe entrepreneurial actions within a firm. In this instance, an entrepreneurial firm creates wealth by concentrating on being innovative, proactive, and risk-taking (Ireland, Hitt, Camp Sexton, 2001:51). Corporate entrepreneurship is a term used to describe entrepreneurial behaviour inside existing organisations (Morris et al., 2008:11). Within these different contexts the definition above still applies, since the process and required inputs are similar, even if the outputs differ (Scheepers, 2009), therefore the female entrepreneurial behaviour examined in this study is still regarded as ent repreneurship, even though it may occur in two contexts, namely within a corporate context or in an independent venture. Thirdly, as stipulated in the definition, entrepreneurship can be viewed as a process. Therefore even though entrepreneurship and innovation are inherently unpredictable, chaotic and create ambiguity; entrepreneurship is a process, and as such it can be managed. Entrepreneurial events are characterised by different stages, such as opportunity identification, business concept definition, assessment of the resource requirements, acquisition of the needed resources, and then the management and harvesting of the business (Morris Kuratko, 2002). Finally, the ability to act entrepreneurially is linked to the perception of opportunity. The pursuit of opportunities also emphasises that those opportunities, which create the greatest value, could be exploited. It is important to note that entrepreneurship differs from management. There are important differences between the entrepreneurial and managerial functions, as well as the expertise and competence with regard to each (Nieman et al., 2003:13). Management is a social process of planning, coordination, control, and motivation (Ward, 2008:19). Management thus involves getting things done through other people and is, in a sense, a transformation process, where human, technical, and conceptual skills are used to transform inputs into outputs (Morris et al., 2008:12). Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, is the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources to exploit an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2006:5; Stevenson, Roberts Grousback, 1989). Entrepreneurs envision the future, recognise emerging patterns, identify untapped opportunities, and create innovations to exploit those opportunities (Morris et al., 2008:12). Figure 2.4 contrasts the primary roles of the manager with those of the entrepreneur. The figure shows that managers are charged with the efficient and effective utilisation of the resources under their control. They tend to be focussed on optimising current operations. Entrepreneurs, alternatively, demonstrate creative capabilities in obtaining resources, overcoming obstacles, and persisting in implementing new ideas that represent change (Morris et al., 2008:12). Figure 2.4: Comparing and combining key roles of managers and entrepreneurs THE ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGER SOURCE: Adapted from Morris et al., 2008:13 One of the general approaches to management methods with the purpose of creating a sustainable competitive advantage is that of strategic management (Cronje et al., 2001:24). According to Nieman and Bennett (2002:14), strategy is fundamentally about a fit between the organisations resources and the markets targeted by it, as well as the ability to sustain fit over time and in changing circumstances and to create and maintain a competitive advantage within a given market. Therefore, the nature and characteristics of strategic management is discussed in the following section. 2.6 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Several schools of thought with different opinions about the nature and scope of strategy can be distinguished from the literature (French, 2009:13). There is also a lack of a universally accepted definition of strategic management. However, central to most definitions is the notion that strategic management is the process through which managers formulate, implement, and monitor action plans to optimise the achievement of key goals (Rwigema Venter, 2004:195). Barney and Arikan (2001:140) define strategic management as a firms theory of how it can gain superior performance in the markets within which it operates. Venkataraman and Sarasvathy (2001:651) define the subject of strategic management as having to do with the methods used to create value and the ensuing struggle to capture a significant share of that value. Hough, Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2008:4) propose that strategy consists of the competitive moves and business approaches that managers employ in order to grow the firm, attract and please customers, compete successfully, conduct operations, and achieve the targeted levels of organisational performance. For the purpose of the present study strategic management is defined as a process that deals with the long-term entrepreneurial work of the organisation, with organisational renewal and growth, and more particularly, with developing and utilising strategy, which is a guide to the organisations operations (Lyles, 1990:363). Strategic management has gained prominence in recent years as organisations compete in volatile environments (Rwigema Venter, 2004:197). The dynamic environment in which organisations operate poses ongoing management and leadership challenges, marked by complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity (Rwigema Venter, 2004:93). Traditional business models are often no longer applicable and some managers are abandoning conventional approaches to strategy as they search for new ways to achieve a competitive advantage in a turbulent environment. Strategic management paradigms have shifted from essentially static to more dynamic worldviews (Scheepers, 2007:46). To summarise, in todays fast-paced competitive environment, firms face the need to be increasingly nimble and adaptive (Ireland Webb, 2007:49). Ireland et al. (2001:53) state that successfully integrating entrepreneurial and strategic actions improves a firms ability to grow and create wealth. The following section elaborates on the relationship between entrepreneurship and strategic management and on how these two fields overlap. 2.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP While the fields of strategic management and entrepreneurship have developed largely independently of each other, they both focus on how firms adapt to environmental change and exploit opportunities created by uncertainties and discontinuities in the creation of wealth (Hitt, Ireland, Camp Sexton, 2001:480; Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001:480). Creating wealth is at the heart of both entrepreneurship and strategic management. Figure 2.5 illustrates how firms create wealth by using entrepreneurial actions and strategic actions within different domains. Figure 2.5: Creating wealth through entrepreneurial and strategic actions SOURCE: Ireland et al., 2001:51 As illustrated in Figure 2.5, firms can create wealth by using entrepreneurial actions and strategic actions within different domains. These domains are vital in the process of creating sustainable income streams by developing and exploiting competitive advantages. (Ireland et al., 2001:51). Strategic management and entrepreneurship overlaps in terms of their interest in venture creation, novel strategies, growth and performance of organisations (Scheepers, 2007:46). Entrepreneurship involves identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. However, to create the most value entrepreneurial firms also need to act strategically. An integration of entrepreneurial and strategic thinking is therefore necessary (Hitt et al., 2001:479). In the previous section entrepreneurship was defined as the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources in order to exploit an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2006:5; Stevenson et al., 1989). As such, entrepreneurial actions, on the one hand, entail creating new resources or combining existing resources in new ways to develop and commercialise new products, move into new markets, and/ or service new customers (Hitt et al., 2001:480). On the other hand, strategic management entails the set of commitments, decisions, and actions designed and executed to produce a competitive advantage and earn above-average returns (Hitt et al., 2001:480). Strategic management thus provides the context for entrepreneurial actions (Ireland, Hitt, Camp Sexton, 2001). Entrepreneurship is about creation; strategic management is about how advantage is established and maintained from what is created (Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001). Entrepreneurship is concerned with how the opportunity to create value in society is discovered and acted upon by some individuals. Strategic management is concerned with the methods used to create this value and the ensuing struggle to capture a significant share of that value by individuals and firms (Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001:650-651). Strategic Management has to do with the achievement of ends obtaining market share, profit and sustained competitive advantage. Then again, entrepreneurship has to do with the achievement of beginnings creating markets, firms and products (Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001:651). Thus, entrepreneurial and strategic perspectives should be integrated to examine entrepreneurial behaviour. For the purpose of the present study this approach is called strategic entrepreneurial behaviour (SEB). SEB is entrepreneurial action and behaviour with a strategic perspective. It is the integration of entrepreneurial (i.e. opportunity-seeking behaviour) and strategic (i.e. advantage-seeking behaviour) perspectives in developing and taking actions to create wealth (Hitt et al., 2001:480-481). 2.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter attempts to provide perspective on the position of this study within the broad field of economics and business management. It defines the concept of business management as satisfying consumer needs with a limited amount of resources, through the planning, coordination, control, and motivation of these resources. Based on this definition of business management, the chapter provides an explanation of how business management stems from economics. Economics is defined as the allocation of scarce resources in order to fulfil the unlimited needs of society. This section leads to a discussion of the relationship between economics and business management. The main link between economics and business management is that the one studies the economic system as a whole, while the other studies a single component of that system.

William Edward Forster Essay -- Education Act of 1870, England

Section A – Plan of Investigation I will analyze the question of â€Å"How did William Edward Forster contribute to the Education Act of 1870 in England?† How he contributed to the act and what changes he did within the act will show how the act became a new advantage in England for the middle-working class. A speech made by William Edward Forster about the Education Act and a memorandum of October 21, 1869 will be used to discuss his contribution and all the provisions made to the act. The book The Elementary Education Act 1870 by Thomas Preston can be great help because it focuses on the Education Act only. For this question, it is best to start by researching about W.E. Forster and the Education Act of 1870 itself. The contribution of W.E. Forster to the act benefited a lot of families and children themselves because they could get an education for free. Section B – Summary of Evidence William Edward Forster drafted the Education Act of 1870 after the government decided to educate the citizens of the country and because England feared that they lacked an effective education system (Docstoc-documents). This act was also known as the Elementary Education Act and it was a culmination of a long struggle (thirty years) to establish an effective and nationwide education schooling system for children ages 5 to 12 (Looking at History). Jackson wrote, â€Å"Forster did not go to school until he was thirteen, he was taught by his mother† (16) could be the reason why he started the Education Act. Therefore W.E. Forster contributed in creating school boards for England, and the country would be divided into about 2,500 school districts (Spartacus Educational). Like W.E. Forster stated in his speech, there are two primary objects in this bill t... ...Brown who loves to talk about history because it interests him and because he likes discussing the political issues in the world. The purpose of the webpage is to inform about The Education Act 1870: revised version. The website was very helpful because it gave a handful of information about the act and it especially talks about the working-class in England. It also gives a great understanding of the requirements of the act and how the working-class benefits from it. The webpage was worth it because it gave many different facts about the Education Act and it also helped a lot while doing research. There could possibly be some limitations to this source because it was written about 140 years later. The good thing is that the source was never bias at any point, it just gave all the different facts and never focused specifically on one thing with one point of view.

Global warming exists Essay

The debate over whether global warming is a reality has received contradictory arguments from the various fronts on the global community. Opponents of the phenomenon assert that climate changes from time to time are natural occurrences. On the other side, proponents claim that the world has been experiencing trend of increase in temperatures of the earths near surface atmosphere since early twentieth century. This has particularly been attributed with the onset and increasing industrialization in the global community. Such have the implication that activities by mankind are to be blamed for the issue of climate change in the world. Given the available evidence that the world is experiencing unpredictable climate and weather patterns, global warming is no doubt a reality in the modern society. Causes of global warming According to scientific research findings, global warming is defined as the gradual increase in the temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere near the surface (Johansen, 2002). This has been closely associated with increased emission and accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Revkin, 2008). These gases are responsible for trapping heat emitted from the earth’s surface and thus increasing the atmospheric temperatures. It is worth noting that greenhouse gases are commonly a byproduct of the production process by industries. As an example to emphasis this claims, mankind activities are estimated to be producing carbon dioxide (which is the major greenhouse gas) at a rate of over 25 billion metric tons annually (Revkin, 2008). In addition, deforestation, which entails cutting down of trees by man has contributed to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, although some natural processes such as fossil decay and volcanic eruptions can lead to greenhouse gas emission, mankind kind activities remain the main cause of global warming given the huge amounts of greenhouse gases produced by industries across the globe (Kluger, 2006). Evidence supporting the existence of global warming There are numerous evidences indicating the existence of global warming in the globe. First, the world is evidently witnessing a decline in its mountain ice and glaciers reserves (Kluger, 2006). According to available research findings, the rate Arctic shrinkage is higher than any other time in the history of mankind. Still, the world is experiencing a gradual but real rise in sea levels, a factor which is threatening the submergence of some low laying islands (Johansen, 2002). Such increases are evidently blamed for the increase in the rate of melting of mountain ice and glaciers. Global warming has been blamed for the occurrence of extreme weather conditions. Such include floods, droughts as well as heat waves, which are evident in the world today (Revkin, 2008). It is also claimed that due to global warming, expansion and evaporation of sea waters are high. Just to be appreciated is the fact that such high rates of evaporation of water into the atmosphere leads to increased rate of rain formation along the coastal regions. Such are indeed, the reason behind the frequent flooding witnessed in our coastal regions (Kluger, 2006). Therefore, since no one can refute the evidence of global warming on sea water expansion and increased flooding in the coastal regions, then global warming is a real threat to the sustainable social and economic development of the global community. The world is marked with the problem of unpredictable climate changes. As by the available statistics, the globe is witnessing a changing trend in its wind patterns (Johansen, 2002). It is worth noting that the process of wind formation is dependent on earth surface temperatures which lead to expansion of air. In addition, wind is a crucial factor in influencing the rain patterns across the globe. This is because it acts to carry water vapor from its source to other regions. Based on this reasoning, since wind and rain storms are no doubt a direct result of earth surface temperatures, then global warming must be a real phenomenon. Just to be emphasized here is the fact that such unpredictable wind patterns are responsible for the eminent failure by weather forecasting scientists in giving reliable region specific weather predictions. Therefore, the global temperature swings are responsible for the increasing formation of unpredictable weather patterns across the globe. Another proof in support that global warming is a real phenomenon is the trend of increased incidences of disease outbreaks across the globe (Johansen, 2002). True to the letter, traditionally, diseases were categorized by regions. However, due to climate changes, it is not uncommon it experience traditionally tropical diseases in other regions of the world (Johansen, 2002). According to available evidence, the human community is witnessing an increase in the number of skin cancer diseases. Such have been closely attributed to an increase in the amount of ultraviolet rays reaching the earth surface. It is worth noting here that such increases are a direct result of the evident shrinking of the ozone layer, a phenomenon that is termed as global warming. Conclusion It is clearly established that the world is increasingly witnessing an ever changing trend on its climate. Such are evident from the ever increasing mountain ice and glaciers reserves which lead to expansion of sea waters. This threatens the livelihood of those settled in the low coastal regions. The phenomenon is also blamed for unpredictable wind and rain patterns as well as increased spreading of diseases across the global. Therefore, global warming is a real phenomenon threatening the sustainable existence of the human community. References Johansen, B. (2002). The Global Warming Desk Reference. New York: Greenwood Press. Kluger, J. (2006). Global Warming Heats Up. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1176980,00. html Revkin, A. (2008). A Shift in the Debate over Global Warming. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/04/06/weekinreview/06revkin. html

Definition and Examples of Bad News Messages

Definition and Examples of Bad News Messages In business writing, a bad-news message is a letter, memo, or email that conveys negative or unpleasant information- information that is likely to disappoint, upset, or even anger a reader. It is also called an  indirect message or a negative message. Bad-news messages include rejections (in response to job applications, promotion requests, and the like), negative evaluations, and announcements of policy changes that dont benefit the reader. A bad-news message conventionally begins with a neutral or positive buffer statement before introducing the negative or unpleasant information. This approach is called the indirect plan. Examples and Observations It is much, much worse to receive bad news through the written word than by somebody simply telling you, and I’m sure you understand why. When somebody simply tells you bad news, you hear it once, and that’s the end of it. But when bad news is written down, whether in a letter or a newspaper or on your arm in felt tip pen, each time you read it, you feel as if you are receiving the bad news again and again. (Lemony Snicket, Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Cant Avoid. HarperCollins, 2007) Sample: Rejection of a Grant Application On behalf of the members of the Research Scholarship Committee, thank you for submitting an application for this years Research Scholarship grants competition. I’m sorry to report that your grant proposal was among those that were not approved for funding in the spring. With the reduction in grant funds caused by budget cuts and the record number of applications, I’m afraid that many worthwhile proposals could not be supported. Although you did not receive a grant this year, I trust that you will continue to pursue both internal and external funding opportunities. Introductory Paragraph The introductory paragraph in the bad-news message should accomplish the following objectives: (1) provide a buffer to cushion the bad news that will follow, (2) let the receiver know what the message is about without stating the obvious, and (3) serve as a transition into the discussion of reasons without revealing the bad news or leading the receiver to expect good news. If these objectives can be accomplished in one sentence, that sentence can be the first paragraph. (Carol M. Lehman and Debbie D Dufrene, Business Communication, 15th ed. Thomson, 2008) Body Paragraph(s) Deliver the bad news in the body of the message. State it clearly and concisely, and explain the reasons briefly and unemotionally. Avoid apologies; they weaken your explanation or position. Try to embed the bad news in a supporting, not the topical, sentence of a paragraph. Furthermore, try to embed it in a subordinate clause of a sentence. The purpose is not to conceal the bad news, but to soften its impact. (Stuart Carl Smith and Philip K. Piele, School Leadership: Handbook for Excellence in Student Learning. Corwin Press, 2006) Closing The closing of a message containing negative news should be courteous and helpful. The purpose of the closing is to maintain or rebuild goodwill. ... The closing should have a sincere tone. Avoid overused closings such as If you have any questions, please dont hesitate to call. ... Offer the receiver another option. ... Presenting another option shifts the emphasis from the negative news to a positive solution. (Thomas L. Means, Business Communications, 2nd ed. South-Western Educational, 2009)

Technology Implementation

Technology Implementation Project Plans PAGE PAGE 3 Technology ImplementationTechnology Implementation PaperAugust 8, 2007Technology Implementation: Management RecommendationsBurney Productions is considering upgrading technologically through the purchase of new software and hardware that will enhance profits, reduce overhead, and improve the organization ability to meet customer satisfaction and needs. Furthermore, the implementation of the new technology services can be added with little or no financial impact. Management and many of the staff members within the organization believe that technological changes are necessary in order for the organization to remain competitive. While others believe that the upgrade is not needed and is an unnecessary expense. In order to determine the technological needs and implementation of successful changes, management is presenting the following recommendations concerning the project plans, implementation plans, related training, and the support strategies.Introduction of any change w ithin an organization can be a catalyst for disruptions and resistance, creating disharmony and decreasing efficiency.ERP- Vendor Evaluation Services, Gap analysis and ...The goal of technological change is usually the desire to increase value and improvement within the organization. Information technology systems have the capacity to hold and analyze a great deal of information, to make retrieval of customer information more quickly, and add value to the data, which is stored among other benefits. However, the introduction of new technology into an organization can be one of the most traumatic and difficult changes that can be encountered.Project PlansManagement of Burney Productions first step of the project upgrade is to determine the needs of the organization that is necessary to provide for its customers on a daily basis. "Upgrading for the sake of upgrading is not sound business strategy. However, continuing to use outdated technology could cost your business. Upgrading may ad vance your company's competitive position in the marketplace"(Kform, 2007, para 5). For this particular reason, all upgrading plans...

Lemurs

Lemurs Lemurs Madagascar is the fourth largest island. It is home to main different species of lemurs. They live in the dry woodlands and deserts. Lemurs have fox like faces and ring like tails. Twelve million people live in Madagascar and most of them are poor. Lemurs are threatened largely because their habitats are being destroyed. People in Madagascar cut down the rainforests and forests for wood and so they are able to farm. Deforestation is still threatening their survival today. Lemurs were named by early Europeans because of their shining eyes.Some characteristics that make lemurs primates are that they live in trees. Also primates have strong hands with long fingers and opposable thumbs that can grasp branches. Primate arms can move freely around the shoulder joint. This movement enables primates to swing from hand to hand while climbing. The eyes are positioned in the front of the face, allowing the primate to judge distances accurately.English: Ring-Tailed Lemurs at the Oakland Z oo.Primates have complex social behaviors and take very good care of their young for a long time after birth.Ring-tailed lemurs hold strong ground in southwest Madagascar. They are the size of a cat and have a highly developed sense of smell. These lemurs inhabit all the levels of the forest. Once an infant is three or four months old, they ride on their mother's back. Ring-tailed lemurs have the agility to climb trees. They have a distinctive shriek. Ring-tailed lemurs live in social groups, which include six males, eight females, four juveniles, and four babies. They have a scent gland on their wrists and chest thus they can mark where they have been.The sportive lemur has seven different species. It earned its name because when it is threatened, it puts its hands up like a boxer. These lemurs live on the...

Do You Approve of Khan and Mandira's Marriage Essay

Do You Approve of Khan and Mandira's Marriage - Essay Example The conflict between Khan and Mandira’s marriage begun with the death of Mandira’s son Sam. Mandira was so disheartened by the death of her son Sam to the point that she blamed her husband Rizwan for having his last name â€Å"Khan† which triggered the bullying and beating that caused her son’s death. This was highlighted in the film (youtube a) where Mandira was hysterical in the scene blaming Rizwan’s religion as the cause of Sam’s death, that he had not been a Muslim, her son would have not been beaten and still alive. There are two issues in the marriage why it was questioned whether it should be approved or not. First is the difference of religion between the two (Khan is a Muslim and Mandira is not) and second, Khan is diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome, a type of autism that makes him socially awkward and lacking in nonverbal communication skill that makes his eligibility for marriage questionable. I approved the marriage because conside ring it otherwise meant subscribing to the stereotype against the Muslims that caused divisiveness in our society. Disapproving the marriage would mean alienating Islam, the faith of Rizwan Khan and that would fuel hatred between Muslims and non-Muslims. It would also tantamount to dismissing Islam as incompatible with other religion when we are striving religious tolerance to achieve harmony in our society. Also, the basis of marriage should be mutual love which Mandira and Khan (particularly Khan) were obviously shown to be in love with the film (Youtube a). They were happy until society’s intolerance towards the Muslim begun after the 911 attack that typecasted all Muslims to be terrorist. By approving the marriage, we are also sending the message that people can love and coexist even if they have different religions.

Compare Mass Transit and High Speed Railway in China and the US Essay

Compare Mass Transit and High Speed Railway in China and the US - Essay Example ormation from journals, books, newspapers and websites so that comparative data on the performance of the two countries on sustainability can be evaluated. The research found that China , being in a stage of rapid development and economic growth, has identified its mass transit systems as the backbone or as a pillar for growth. This attitude leads to rapid and innovative development of the mass transit system that is financially secure and environmentally sustainable. China also uses investments in mass transit as a propeller for effective and sustainable economic growth over the long term. China has also enhanced scope for continued development and expansion of the mass transit system as more and more regions need to be connected to bring about further growth impetus to the nation. On the other hand, the USA approaches mass transit as a necessary evil that needs to be sustained through subsidies and maintenance so that the public is kept satisfied and there is minimum harm to the en vironment. The lack of focus on the mass transit system makes the USA mass transit financially weak and causes environmental vulnerability. The USA also loses out on actively deploying the mass transit system to regenerate its economy. The research makes several recommendations like imbibing centralized planning and strategy, diversifying financial funding, focus on centralized and targeted environmental monitoring for mass transit and development of service quality. This chapter contains a discussion of the conceptual framework that is used to compare the mass transit systems for the USA and China. The framework is based on the available literature on sustainability of transit systems and consists of financial, environmental, economic sustainability. It next contains a discussion of the sustainability of mass transit systems across the globe, and with a specific emphasis on the USA and China. While the research is aimed at comparing the mass transit systems sustainability between

Write a briefing for an American Business Traveler going to Japan Research Paper

Write a briefing for an American Business Traveler going to Japan (Intercultural Communications Class) - Research Paper Example Stepping into Japan from a Western country like the United States, can be like stepping into an alien world, because so many of these unnoticed assumptions, that have become second nature, now appear out of place. Communication problems arise when signals are misinterpreted, and very often this is a disorienting experience. This briefing paper outlines a few of the main differences that a traveller from the United States can expect to find in communication with Japanese nationals in Japan. It explains how Japanese customs and habits have arisen, and explains what effects they have on the business context today. Finally some final points are suggested to guide a visitor to Japan in the first phase of encounter with this fascinating culture. Japan has a population of about 127 million people and the main religions are Shinto and various branches of Buddhism. Both Roman Catholic and Protestant Christianity are also represented, but on a much smaller scale (Japan Introduction, no date). Shinto is an ancient religion that involves respect for ancestors and various spirit beings called kami. These can be divinities with personalities, like people, or they can be attached to natural phenomena. Mount Fuji, for example, is revered as holy place, and the Japanese have a strong attachment to the natural world. Festivals for the different seasons reflect ancient religious beliefs also, such as the New Year festival and the famous cherry blossom festival. Evidence of the practice of Shinto can be seen in temples which are dotted around the countryside, and occasionally in cities too, and also in Japanese homes, where there is often one corner of the house which is used as a small shrine where prayers can be said and offerings can be made. This reverence for the ancestors extends also to relations with older people in society, since Japanese generally respect older people, at home and at work, and defer to their authority more than would be usual in American society. The

Impact of Social Networking and Blogging on Internet Usage Essay

Impact of Social Networking and Blogging on Internet Usage - Essay Example These are just limited uses of blogging and social networking. The wide spectrum of using these interactivities online entails that blogging and social networking bring people closer and turning the world into a global village where there are no distances (Jacqui 2010). Introduction Social networking has become an integral part of millions of Internet users around the world. When people come back to home from their work places and educational institutes, the first thing most of them prefer to do is to check their personal profiles on social networking websites, such as Facebook, Twitter and many others. They find it a facilitating medium for interacting with hundreds of people within and outside their national borders. Social network or social networking websites actually provides Internet user a virtual interface where they can share their ideas and thoughts. The social networking websites are usually used for studying the social relationships of people. The term social networking d escribes a person’s or group of persons’ social structure and is determined with the help of their communication and interaction with others (Lusted 2011, Aleman and Wartman 2009). On the other hand, blogs or blogging websites provides a personal space to Internet users where they can lodge their posts, ides, believes and views on certain issues, keeping in view the area of interest. Blogs usually contain write-up of a person, group of personals or organization aiming to discuss a single agenda subject. Scholars and web technologists first utilized blogs in 90s and to post content containing ideas and beliefs of these scholars and technologists. Since then, non-technical users are using blogs as well (Rettberg 2008). Social media and blogs has attracted masses towards utilizing these internet tools to share ideas, market their products and services and help out individuals who are looking for solutions to their problems, let it be professional or academic one. A resear ch conducted by University of Maryland reveals that people across the globe are becoming addicted to using social networking sites and blogs. Social media especially has become a major source of communicating with rest of the world. The academic research conducted on understanding how the social networking sites are reshaping the behavior states that Facebook, world’s most used social networking website, has become a primary source of communication among students. On professional level, social networking and blogging is utilized extensively for providing business solutions and discussing new technologies and innovations. In broader spectrum, Internet usage has increased after the introduction of blogging and social networking websites and the analysis of statistical data shows that it is expected to increase even more. Academic Usage of Internet Societies and individuals living in these societies are of the view that their internet usage has increased since the arrival of inf otainment add ons like Facebook, Twitter, Blogger Online, Flickr, and others (Ishak 2010). This is because these individuals can share their precious moments with others, and also, take guidance and suggestions regarding the problems and issues they are facing. Students goes to social networking sites and blogs at least four times a day in order to keep in touch with their friends, to ask their teachers for solutions to

Madison and Brutus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Madison and Brutus - Essay Example On that aspect, this discussion will cover the different ways in which the ideologies of Madison in the federal papers helped shape America in its historical development and the influence it had on American politics. In addition, the essay analyzes the significance of basic rights of the citizens and how it helps in advancing the interests of the country as proposed by Brutus in the anti-federal papers. Similarly, the controlling of factions with intentions of exploiting the interests of the economy as articulated by Madison is also of interests in this discussion. There are different ways in which Madison and Brutus can assess groups in the context of the historical development and impact on American Politics. For instance, according to Madison in Federalist No. 10 he believed that certain factions or interests groups should not be allowed to take over the affairs of country at the expense of ordinary citizens or the entire community (Madison and et al 93). According to Madison, a f action is composed of a number of citizens who can include majority or minority and are joined by a common interest that is likely to endanger the welfare of the community. In addition, Madison’s Federalist No. ... 10 that the governance by the majority faction in a republic is a violation of the American Constitution and mockery of the American revolution in that it does cater for the interests of the citizens but that of its own. In addition, the Federal paper No. 51 further calls for transparency and accountability among leaders in the emerging American republic to shield common citizens from exploitation of the power elite (Madison 103). On that aspect, Madison was against the creation of individual states as this would interfere with the principles of constitution of making American republic. Alternatively, Madison had a number of suggestions on how to overcome the challenges of factions especially in the defense of vulnerable citizens. For instance, he suggested that eliminating the causes of factions and the control of its effects was the first strategy of alleviating its negative effects. On that perspective, he also came up with two strategies of eradicating the causes of factions for the benefit of the American interests (Madison and et al 72). These included taking away the liberty of citizens something Anti-Federalists such as Brutus felt against. Another measure was to grant every American citizen a chance to speak his opinions, passions and express his interests. Therefore, this would prevent factions from taking advantage of ordinary citizens and thus transform the perception of American politics. On the other hand, when it comes to Anti-Federalist No. 3 that was championed by Brutus and others, they had opposing perspectives with the Federalists. For example, Brutus Anti-Federalist papers were against the denying of citizens liberty in order to contain the factions as suggested by Madison in his Federalist papers No. 10 and 50. On that account, Brutus was of

Where to Invest Housing Vs Stock Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Where to Invest Housing Vs Stock Market - Essay Example This also means that the investors have to rationally decide investing into different markets and instruments which coincide with their investment preferences therefore, choosing between investing into stock market or housing market is based on such investment preferences. It is generally believed that prices in housing market tend to inflate at the time when stock market performs better. This correlation suggests that a high performing stock market tend to improve the overall economic environment which also supports other markets. However, what is also important is the fact that while considering making a decision to investing into housing or stock market is dependent on the returns offered by the alternative investments at the acceptable level of risk. (Blake, 2000). Therefore, if all other things do not change; investor will make a decision where return is higher and risk is minimum. What is however, most critical is the fact that investors often face dilemma when the respective risk profiles of markets start to show greater volatility. It is very well known that making an investment into stock market is the riskiest investment because stock markets, historically, have shown greater volatility, hence greater risk, over the long period of time.

Impact of Social Networking and Blogging on Internet Usage Essay

Impact of Social Networking and Blogging on Internet Usage - Essay Example These are just limited uses of blogging and social networking. The wide spectrum of using these interactivities online entails that blogging and social networking bring people closer and turning the world into a global village where there are no distances (Jacqui 2010). Introduction Social networking has become an integral part of millions of Internet users around the world. When people come back to home from their work places and educational institutes, the first thing most of them prefer to do is to check their personal profiles on social networking websites, such as Facebook, Twitter and many others. They find it a facilitating medium for interacting with hundreds of people within and outside their national borders. Social network or social networking websites actually provides Internet user a virtual interface where they can share their ideas and thoughts. The social networking websites are usually used for studying the social relationships of people. The term social networking d escribes a person’s or group of persons’ social structure and is determined with the help of their communication and interaction with others (Lusted 2011, Aleman and Wartman 2009). On the other hand, blogs or blogging websites provides a personal space to Internet users where they can lodge their posts, ides, believes and views on certain issues, keeping in view the area of interest. Blogs usually contain write-up of a person, group of personals or organization aiming to discuss a single agenda subject. Scholars and web technologists first utilized blogs in 90s and to post content containing ideas and beliefs of these scholars and technologists. Since then, non-technical users are using blogs as well (Rettberg 2008). Social media and blogs has attracted masses towards utilizing these internet tools to share ideas, market their products and services and help out individuals who are looking for solutions to their problems, let it be professional or academic one. A resear ch conducted by University of Maryland reveals that people across the globe are becoming addicted to using social networking sites and blogs. Social media especially has become a major source of communicating with rest of the world. The academic research conducted on understanding how the social networking sites are reshaping the behavior states that Facebook, world’s most used social networking website, has become a primary source of communication among students. On professional level, social networking and blogging is utilized extensively for providing business solutions and discussing new technologies and innovations. In broader spectrum, Internet usage has increased after the introduction of blogging and social networking websites and the analysis of statistical data shows that it is expected to increase even more. Academic Usage of Internet Societies and individuals living in these societies are of the view that their internet usage has increased since the arrival of inf otainment add ons like Facebook, Twitter, Blogger Online, Flickr, and others (Ishak 2010). This is because these individuals can share their precious moments with others, and also, take guidance and suggestions regarding the problems and issues they are facing. Students goes to social networking sites and blogs at least four times a day in order to keep in touch with their friends, to ask their teachers for solutions to

Where to Invest Housing Vs Stock Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Where to Invest Housing Vs Stock Market - Essay Example This also means that the investors have to rationally decide investing into different markets and instruments which coincide with their investment preferences therefore, choosing between investing into stock market or housing market is based on such investment preferences. It is generally believed that prices in housing market tend to inflate at the time when stock market performs better. This correlation suggests that a high performing stock market tend to improve the overall economic environment which also supports other markets. However, what is also important is the fact that while considering making a decision to investing into housing or stock market is dependent on the returns offered by the alternative investments at the acceptable level of risk. (Blake, 2000). Therefore, if all other things do not change; investor will make a decision where return is higher and risk is minimum. What is however, most critical is the fact that investors often face dilemma when the respective risk profiles of markets start to show greater volatility. It is very well known that making an investment into stock market is the riskiest investment because stock markets, historically, have shown greater volatility, hence greater risk, over the long period of time.

Slides Marketing Presentation Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Slides Marketing Presentation Starbucks Essay You should know this, because you are all part of the target group of starbucks. The target group of starbucks are young urban adults (approximately 18-45 year olds) coffee consumers in the capital area. This targeting would concentrate on consumers that value spending time in coffee stores that offer a relaxing and comfortable atmosphere. They are not only interested in grabbing a cup of coffee but also would like to enjoy the Starbucks experience. For this they would be willing to spend a little over the average price for specialty coffees. Therefore the target segment would mainly concern young adults (approximately 18-45 year olds) that have regular incomes. Marketing should be focused on reaching youth customers with varying tastes and interests. Starbucks strives to provide excellent service and along with its large variety of products the comfortable atmosphere that Starbucks’ stores have, also offers young adults the chance to sit down and relax if they wish. The lifestyle of urban young adults is also typically fairly hectic, which suits Starbucks’ coffee-to-go culture. Slide 3: As we know it is more expensive to attract new customers than it is to retain current ones. Starbucks knows this and this fact confirms it. How do they do this? We’ll get into this during the presentation. Slide 15: One of the principles of Starbucks is to recognize that profitability is essential to their future success. They want to achieve this goal, by reinventing its food menu. The assumption is that its loyal fans are willing to pay top-dollar for a cup of coffee, so they must be able to afford a snack or lunch on the side. Food contributed about 22% of Starbucks’s same-store sales growth in the U.S. in the latest quarter, with the help of new items like salad bowls. The company is focusing on productivity through new products and a very important expansion through the grocery channel, where they are making great strides with K-Cups and other products that give their brand a presence in consumers’ homes. So basically, their goal in the future is to achieve a bigger market share worldwide and create a bigger profitability.

The Internationalisation Of Luxury Fashion

The Internationalisation Of Luxury Fashion Chapter 1. 1.0 Introduction Phau and Prendergast (2001) defined luxury brand has these characterises that are evoke exclusivity, have a well know brand identity, enjoy high brand awareness and perceived quality, and retain sales levels and customer loyalty. For the Chinese economy, it has been increased at an average rate of 13 percent per year (wgsn-edu.com, 2002). In 2004, a total of 236,000 Chinese became millionaires (Merrill Lynch Cap Gemini, 2005). As for luxury consumption, 37% of luxury goods are purchased in Asia (Chadha and Husband, 2006). In China Chinese luxury consumer population is 300,000 millionaires. That means Chinese consumers are playing the important role for the luxury brands as Chinese market will make or break the luxury products factors potentially (Okonkwo, 2007). Therefore, the customer usually would like to have different choices of purchasing fashion products. According to Howard and Herbig (1996) noted that People can perceive value is a major determinant of product success: qual ity images are far more important than product value; high prices portray high quality. Bake (2003) indicated that some factors could influence the retailer companies entry on the other markets, for example, legal and language. Therefore, the retailers in order to get most profit from products from foreign markets, they will use two ways that are the methods for the company of entry into foreign market and have a choice of distribution channels in each foreign market (Terpastra Sarathy, 1997). In international marketing, the entry method is very important for the fashion retailer to enter foreign markets. According to the global luxury consumption, it is indicated the luxury brands are successfully in the world and also in the global luxury market growth per year (Verdict, 2009). By using the theory of internationalisation and using the process of internaionalisation example of Burberry. It has strategically penetrated the Chinese market to comprehend the Chinese market. The market will have a great positive impact on the consumption of fashion goods and by highlighting their British origins and positioning themselves towards the aspirational consumers. Chapter 2. 2.0 Literature Review This literature review aims to address that the concept of retail internationalisation, its impact upon luxury fashion brands and the strategic operations of British luxury brands with Chinese retail market by using the examples of Burberry. Hines and Bruce (2001) noted fashion retailers were the most prolific and successful when it came to foreign market expansion. Unsurprisingly, the rise in academic interest reflects the increase of retail internationalisation activity as more companies seek to expand their operations overseas (Moore et al 2000). According to Alexander and Akehurst (1995) there are six key subject areas for researchers to thoroughly address all issues concerned with the process when discussing the internationalization of retailers; What is the internationalisation of fashion retailing? Who are the international fashion retailers? Where do fashion retailers internationalise? Why do fashion retailers internationalise? How do fashion retailers internationalise? When does fashion retailer internationalisation occur? 2.1 Definition of the luxury fashion brand Kapferer and Bastien said: Luxury is in fashion, and the fashion is for luxury. (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009) Luxury brands have the power of branding, which means they can influence cultures, societies and generations potentially. Traditionally, luxury brands have main core characteristics that are brand strength, exclusivity, creative, innovation, product craftsmanship, differentiation and precision, premium pricing and high quality (Okonkwo 2007). Furthermore, the other core characteristics for the true luxury brand are global reputation, strong brand image, emotional appeal, tightly controlled distribution and visibility (Jackson and Haid, 2006). For example, Gucci, the results of the strong brand image of Gucci are in several of brands products being back-ordered to two years. The brand value has an important relationship with consumers. 2.2 Whats internationalisation of retailing? The internationalisation of retailing is defined Treadgold (Wigley et al, 2005) as having visible and invisible dimensions. The Invisible dimension has been defined as the international sourcing of products and services and the cross-border transfer of management expertise in the form of managerial policies or technical skills (Kacker, 1997). That refers to the intangible facets as opposed to the physicality of opening overseas stores. On the other hand, for the visible dimension, the fashion retailer internationalisation is the operation of retail shops within foreign markets (Hines and Bruce, 2001). Consequently, the luxury fashion brands are visible in the market. From the report of clothing retailing UK (Mintel, 2003), there are 18 out of 20 top-selling clothing retailers have presence outside of domestic market, for instance, Burberry, it has 236 stores around world (BBC, 2010). At 30 June 2010, Burberry globally had 139 retail stores, 140 concessions (excluding Spain), 44 outlets and 97 franchise stores (Burberryplc, 2010). In China, Burberry has opened stores in 30 cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Wuhan (Burberry, 2010). According to Baker (2003, p.799), he indicates that because of the legal, language and logistical problems, the most successful retail is difficult to enter other markets. Even though the retail companies could be slow and difficult entry the other countries, however overseas expansion is a significant process for development of retailers. Liu and Mcgoldrick (Bcaker, 2003) indicated that the long history of international product sourcing has facilitated foreign retailing operations because relationships have already b een construct with the foreign destinations that is easier to instigate the process of internationalisation. 2.3 Who are the international fashion retailers? According to the British fashion council, the editors of the international fashion magazines, journals and fashion experts, who define characteristic of the international fashion retailers such firms: Have an international profile in the fashion industry as evidenced in their having bi-annual fashion show in one of the international fashion capitals, e.g. Paris, Milan, London Have been established in the fashion design business for at least two years Named their own label merchandise Retail merchandise either via outlets bearing the name of designer or within other outlets with two or more countries (Moore et al, 2000) From other definition, following Hines and Bruce (2007) the international fashion retailer can be defined into the four types: The product specialist fashion retailers narrow product range, clearly defined customer base The fashion designer retailers internationally recognized brand, exclusive positioning The general merchandise retailers mix of fashion and non-fashion products and large stores The general fashion retailers- broad range of products and accessible pricing (Hines and Bruce, 2007) Moore and Doherty (2007) defined luxury fashion retailers as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ those firms that distribute clothing, accessories and other lifestyle products which are: Exclusively designed and/or manufactured by/or for the retailer; Exclusively branded with a recognised insignia, design handwriting or some other identifying device; Perceived to be of a superior design, quality and craftsmanship; Priced significantly higher than the market norm; and Sold within prestigious retail settings. Retailer that conform to this characterizes include Chanel, Giorgio Armani, Hermes, Burberry, Prada, Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Versace and Mulberry. 2.4 Chinese retail cultures and economy For this stage, it will indicate the Chinese luxury fashion history, retailers and exporting in the world. By examining Chinese economy in the luxury fashion, China is playing an important role in the world of luxury fashion. Chinese have great history, but to date most of people have not exhume it or they reclaimed it by their own understanding. Once China has recovered its culture and confidence in itself, there is no uncertainty factor that great Chinese luxury brands will appear, recreating the link with the past such as shanghai Tan (Chadha and Husbands, 2006) $1.4 trillion economy of China is the sixth largest in the world and gross domestic product is forecast to increase 7.9% over the next five years (wgsn-edu.com, 2004). Since the 80s, Chinese economy has increased at an average rate of approx 13per cent per year. In some coastal cities growth has been as high as 35%. (Wgsn-edu.com, 2002. Sep 04). World trade in clothing and textiles is about $350 billion. In China, employment figure range from an estimated 19 million employed Textile and Clothing manufacture in 2005 up from 14 million in 1995 to 17963 in Mauritius. That is from the table, it also indicates employment in clothing manufacture in some countries from 1995 to 2005 (see figure 1) (Hines and Bruce, 2007). There is a reason for it that the Chinese textile and retail industries have cheap labour. On the other hand, China and Hong Kong China are the leading exporters which are significantly higher than others (see figure 2) (WTO, 2005) However, China and Hong Kong China are being relatively small importers in the table. Twenty years ago, there was no middle class in China but now, the middle class has been more than 100 million. Currently, China represents 12% of global luxury goods purchases and will grow 26 per cent per quarter for the next four years. The current of Chinese luxury consumer population is 300,000. The number of people who can afford the luxury products will grow up 1.3 billion in the next five years. That means the Chinese consumer is important for luxury brands as Chinese market will have make or break the luxury products factors potentially (Okonkwo, 2007). The high growth rate of the Chinese economy is an amazing market for the luxury fashion products industry. Chinese luxury market is the second largest to Japanese in the Asia-Pacific region and will grow 28 per cent annually in 2010 (Wiederhecker, 2007). Furthermore China will likely play influence role in the world of fashion. The effective of the rising Chinese designers will be increased in the next decades (Okonkwo, 2007). 2.5 Market entry Strategies Fashion retailers as the most prolific of international retailers can be are consistently recognised (Wigley and Moore, 2007). Luxury fashion brands have attracted more consistent attention and form the basis of the current work while the general fashion brands have been the focus of some academic attention (Laulajainen, 1992; Fernie et al., 1997; Moore et al., 2000; Moore et al., 2004). From Root (1987) summaries the definition of entry methods is as institutional arrangement that makes possible the entry of a companys product, technology, human skills, management or other resources into a foreign country. Traditionally, entry methods can be classified into along risk or control continuum (Teradgold and Davies, 1998; Dawson, 1994; Dotherty, 200). According to Alexander and Doherty (2009), international retailers will use more than one method to develop their markets when they face a number of methods for international expansion. There are main methods for international retailing dev eloping their markets: Flagship stores: company owned, large in scale to show case the brand Organic growth: internal expansion, likely new store develops within the existing or an integrated organization framework Merger and acquisition: the acquisition of control over a firm in the international market Joint venture: between a company in the host country and an international firm or two firms enter into a joint venture and enter the host market Franchising and licensing: a business gives the authorities to the international franchisee to operate the brand. Licensing, such like a agent Exporting/ wholesaling: products sold to an international market without really stores Concessions: a shop within a shop, usually a department store, in the host market Within each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages, which is chosen by a retailer on basis of its product portfolio, corporate confidence and has consequent set up cost and operational control, which a retailer needs to take into consideration (Burt, 1993; Dawson, 1993; Moore and Fernie, 2004; Quinn and Doherty, 2000; Sparks, 1996; Treadgold, 1991; Treadgold and Davies, 1988). Burt (1993). Following Simpson and Thorpes (1996) PLIN model the companies successful in foreign markets because their heritage provides them with niche differentials and internationally appealing brands as highlighted. This model suggests that retailers should do differential advantages via product, lifestyle, image and niche differentials from their competitors. The factors of internationalization entry methods Goodhow and Hanz (1972) indicate that companies need to consider five factors to start planning for foreign market entry: The environment of market- policy decision is affected by the environment of political and economic factors of the foreign market The competitiveness of the company- affected by the scale of company, technological level and experience of internationalisation The characteristic of the product- influenced through specialty of the production or different of production life cycle The consideration of companys capital and budget- it is affected by the limitation of companys capital. The cognition of inner company- the decision maker of company has the opinion towards the scale of risk for the demands of expansion foreign market The luxury fashion company, Burberry, says it is going to buy out its franchisees in Mainland China at beginning of September (Independent, 2010). Burberry will pay  £70 million ($108 million) to take full control of 50 stores in 30 cities in China, which include 9 stores in Beijing and 4 stores in Shanghai, from its franchisee Kwok Hang Holings of Hong Kong (BBC, 2010). The reason for Burberry to buy out its local franchise partner is that it will give more Burberry company control over the merchandise and how it is marketed. The chief financial office of Burberry said: We believe we can drive more productivity with those stores. and Burberry was looking to double the number of shops in the country. She also said the country would be a double-digit growth driver(Independent, 2010). Furthermore, for the development of retailer expansion in the foreign country, SWOT analyses can provide they with an outline of their strengths, Weakness, opportunities and threats, which can assist in direction when they entry into international markets (See figure 3). Burberry operates flagships in four markets that are London, New York, Tokyo and Barcelona (Moore and Doherty, 2007). Therefore Burberry did not use the flagships store method entry into China. However, for the one of the entry methods, concessions, nowadays, Luxury players have held out longest in Europe against locating in malls, which has been anathema to the retailers. However this has been preferred route to market in regions, such as China in Asia (Verdict, 2009). Similarly in Beijing both Shingkong Place and ST Plaza big department malls anchoring many luxury brands. Burberry operates concessions within these department stores throughout China. However, Burberry will operate the flagship store in Beijing in 16th December. That flagship store will be the most great in Asia (ELLEChina, 2010). 2.6 International expansion direction Some studies examined that the direction of expansion of specific fashion retailers is largely determined by their market position (Hind and Bruce). According to Hollander (1970) found that a focus on capital city expansion was a common trait of the internationalising luxury fashion retailers and termed the strategy the New York, London, Paris syndrome. In the 1990s, as a consequence of the hardly competitive conditions within the European Union and as a result of the opportunities afforded by the demise of the USSR. Therefore Fashion retailers have focused on their international expansion to emerging markets includes China, Russia (Fernie et al., 1998) The place of distribution refers to the areas that are make products and services available to customers. Retail channels are most effective when they meet the consumers expectations in terms of location, convenience and product assortment (Okonkwo, 2007). For luxury brands, there is the additional task of brand protection in the distribution areas choice such as licences or franchises. However, as early mention in previous chapter, in China, luxury retailers entry the market for the place of distribution via another choice. For an instant, The British luxury brand, Burberry, has 47 stores in Mainland China. In Beijing, Burberry operates eight stores. Chapter 3. 3.0 Luxury brands in the world 3.1 Global luxury consumption During the last few years, the luxury market has sustained growth. The luxury market has grown from $20 billion to $68billion from 1985 to 2000 in spite of the September 11 attacks and other events disruptive to global trade (The Economist, 2002). Even though some factors can influence the consumption of luxury brand in the market, which include image, quality, store atmosphere (Deeter-Dchmelz et al, 2000). However, Global consumers spend on luxury brands still grow 102.5% over 2003 to 2008 in $. In the euros, the global luxury market grew by 41.8% to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬224.5bn over the 2003 to 2008, with a growth slowdown becoming evident in the latter half of 2008 because consumers expenditure on luxury brands slowed under the impact of the global financial crisis (see figure 4) Furthermore, the luxury goods sector has become increasingly more internationalised in recent year (see figure 5) (Verdict, 2009). 3.2 Burberry in China Thomas Burberry created Burberry in 1856 in Basingstoke, England when he opened a store to sell mens outwear, soon becoming known for the development of a fabric called gabardine. During the First World War, Burberry continued to develop the officers raincoat named the Trench coat(Moore Britwistle, 2004). Burberry is a global luxury brand with a distinctive British heritage, core outerwear base and one of the most recognized icons in the world. In China, after Burberry bought its franchisee back from Kwok Hang Holdings of Hong Kong (BBC, 2010). According to Burberry Group PLC (2010) Burberry plans to open about 10 stores in China in the current financial year when applying global marketing, retail, merchandising and IT disciplines to drive store productivity. From Angela Ahrendts, Chief Executive Officer commented: The acquisition of Burberrys store operations in mainland China will allow us to further leverage our proven brand and business strategies in this high growth luxury region. With a solid foundation of 50 stores across 30 cities, operational expertise and strong brand momentum, this is an optimal time for Burberry to integrate this business. Chinese market is an exciting market for the British luxury brand, Burberry. Furthermore, Burberry also plans to add 66 stores and 44 Chinese outlets in China by 2012 (Independent, 2010). In the other hand, According to Burberry annual report (2009) the revenues of Burberry were up 30% in Asia-Pacific and in 2009 to 2010, the retail and wholesale revenue were 24% in Asia-pacific includes China. (see Figure 6) Chapter 4. 4.0 Methodology 4.1 Introduction This chapter will definite the relevant methods of research that proceeds to give the most accurate findings for the aim and objectives of the project that have already been discussed. A vary of research methods will be examined at individually. After identify all the methods a few approaches will be selected for examining the retail internationalisation of British luxury fashion brands into Chinese market. 4.2 Research approaches According to Proctor (2000) indicated Qualitative research examines the attitudes, feelings and motivations of products users. Qualitative research is characterised by small samples and this has always focus on criticism. Qualitative research has advantages to grow in popularity. Firstly, it is much cheaper than quantities research. Secondly, an understanding of customer attitudes and motivations is produced a good mechanism by Qualitative research. Thirdly, it can improve quantitative research efficiently. Otherwise, qualitative research cannot provide samples for representative of the target population of the research. Quantitative research is focused with measuring elements of a market or the population of consumers marking up the market. This contains soft phenomena such as consumer attitude as well as market size, brand shares and purchase frequencies etc (Hague and Jackson, 1999). Quantitative research is a large sample size and it use statistical to analysis (Proctor, 2000). 4.3 Sampling The definition of sampling is from Chisnall (2001), it is concerned with the study of the relationships exiting between a population and the samples drawn from it. Proctor (2000) indicated sampling, some so-called census information is in fact obtained via sampling. That means computer assisted statistical procedures make it possible to obtain useful information about the population through questioning only a selected sample of persons. There are two main types of sampling methods according to Chisnall (2001) Probability samples- it is different between the sample value and the true value of the population surveyed. Non-probability samples- it require certain percentages of the sample to be women or men, housewives under thirty or a similar criterion. 4.4 Survey The primary data is indicated that asking people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences and buying behavior (Kotler et al 2002). According to Proctor (2000) explored some of the various method of primary data through surveys: Postal surveys Personal interviews Telephone surveys Completely self-administered surveys Panels Omnibus studies 4.5 Questionnaires A Questionnaire is an important stage of the total research methods and its preparation and administration demand considerable professional expertise. It obtains specific information about a defined problem so that data result in a better appreciation of the problem after analysis and interpretation Chisnall (2001). According to Hague and Jackson (1999) noted purposes for the questionnaires. Firstly, primary role is to draw accurate date form respondents. Secondly, they provide structure to interviews. Thirdly, a questionnaire is to provide a standard form on which facts, comments and attitudes can be written down. Finally, questionnaire facilitates data processing. Question can be classified into two types that are open-ended question and closed questions. Open-ended question is also known as free answer or free response. The respondent is considerable freedom in phrasing an answer, which may be lengthy and detailed, and in his or her own words. On the other hand, closed questions are identified as calling for responses, which are strictly limited. That means he or she can choose alternative replies from they are expected to select an answer corresponding their on a particular subject (Hague and Jackson, 1999). Survey questionnaires are applied in different ways such as telephone interviews, formal structured personal interviews and self-administered studies (Proctor, 2000). 4.5 Observation According to Proctor (2000) indicated observation is a drawback of the survey method. It obtains much of the information is based on interviewees statements describing what they have done or expect to do in the future. Observation includes the personal or mechanical monitoring of selected activities. Chisnall (2001) said observation may be either participative or non-participative as indicated in the receding section. Participative observation would seem to have very limited application in marketing research. On the other hand, non-participative widely used in scientific studies and termed the classical method of investigation has several applications in marketing research. Hague and Jackson (1999) noted that observation is used in shopping studies, especially in stores. It is used to find out how things are done in practice. Observation can classified into these stages for the in-store environment: Distribution Shelf price Shelf facings -reported in number and share Shelf location Display activity Presence of point-of-purchase material (Proctor, 2000) 4.6 Focus group A focus group is a common form of a group interview. The aim of focus group is to learn and understand what people have to say about a topic and understand their arguments. The purpose is to discover how it forms part of their lives and how they feel about products, idea or organization. Focus group can be classified into three types that are exploratory groups, clinical focus group and employing focus group. Exploratory groups method is often used by focus group and helping to define the problem precisely. Clinical focus groups are used as true motivations and feelings of a person are subconscious. Employing focus groups provide information and data about problem by the mechanism of group dynamics. (Proctor, 2000) 4.7 Interviews According to Chisnall (2001) defined as a conversation directed to a definite purpose other than satisfaction in the conversation itself. An interview concerned with a purposeful exchange of meanings and interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. The quality of the interview depends on the interviewer developing a relationship with the answers, which will encourage good communication. 5.0 Conclusion Tungate (2008) indicated luxury brands have identified opportunities in Asia as a whole, everyone wants to talk about China. And also, Dickson Poon, the Hong Kong entrepreneur who owns Harvey Nichols, said: China definitely has the potential to become the largest luxury goods market in the world. Poon says that a number of Chinese with the wherewithal to buy mid-price consumer goods has reached 300 million. The Chinese is already worth an estimated US$550 billion. The people frequently travel for shopping not only to Hong Kong, they will go to further afield such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, as there place is a new wealth. Therefore, British luxury brand, Burberry successful entry into Chinese market. According to the data and information as mentioned in previous sectors indicated Burberry is good example of British luxury brand in Chinese market even though Burberry spent  £70 million ($108 million) to take full control of 50 stores in 30 cities in China. Like Angela Ahrendts, Chief Executive Officer said: Chinese market is an exciting market for the British luxury brand.(Burberry Group PLC 2010) So, Burberry is developing in Chinese market constantly, and they will open the most largest flagships store in Beijing soon as mentioned in previous sector. The aim of this project is to understand the retail internationalisation of British luxury fashion brands into the Chinese market. Therefore, objectives will be achieved by using both primary and secondary research methods to examined the retail internationalisation of British luxury fashion brands into the Chinese market. The literature review includes extensive secondary research from published authors of books, journal articles etc. to provide an examination of theoretical work. However, this project would benefit from the following methods of research have been selected as the best approaches to gain the most accurate findings. Index. Figure 1. Source from: Bruce M. and Hines, Fashion Marketing contemporary issues, pp. 3 Figure 2. Source from: Bruce M. and Hines, Fashion Marketing contemporary issues, pp. 5 Strengths Gross margin increased from 52.1% in 2008/09 to 59.7% in 2009/10 Annual sales of  £1280m Retail revenue is  £749m Authentic British heritage Its founding in 1856 by Thomas Burberry Globally recognized icon portfolio e.g. trench coat, trademark check Top 100 global brands Weaknesses Profit fell from  £62m to 25m in1998 The foreign group out of control Over-reliance on a number of key product suppliers Burberry over-relies upon licensees Opportunities Enhance consumer responsiveness Operate more efficiently and effectively Upgrading existing stores Execution of the global buy Threats Competition from other luxury global brands such as Chanel, Gucci Burberry could suffer it is supply chain is unable to produce Burberry may be unable to control its wholesale and licenseesFigure 3 Burberry SWOT analyses Figure 4. Source from: Verdict (2009), Global luxury retailing, pp.23 Figure 5 Source from: Verdict (2009), Global luxury retailing, pp.24