Can Nanotechnology Transform Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars?

Can Nanotechnology Transform Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars?Juan Manuel Var accelerator Ferreira Can Nanotechnology convert heat content fire carrel cars into mainstream vehicles? Section 1 Abstract The aim of this report is to determine whether Nanotechnology apprize transmogrify atomic number 1 fuel kiosk cars into mainstream vehicles through emendments in the apostrophize of catalysts (Section 4A) plus hydrogen production (Section 4B) battery behavior (Section 4C) and the safety of hydrogen stock (Section 4D). The word mainstream for this report fashion that there impart be at least 1.15 million hydrogen fuel cell cars on the worlds roads the number of galvanic cars in the the satellite (Carbon brief, 2016)Section 2 Introduction Nanotechnology is about observing and manipulating matter occupying the nanoscale, which is ranges from 1 nanometre to 100 nanometres (Nanodic.com, nd). A nanometre is one billionth of a m or 100 000 times smaller than the width of human hair (Di gPhilosophy, 2013). Nanotechnology is a principle factor in improving hydrogen fuel cells, which be devices that harness the energy of hydrogen to shake electricity via a chemical reaction without combustion (CHFCA, nd). These devices allow be crucial as they are utilise to make zero carbon copy footprint cars. Reducing the carbon footprint of humanity will reduce the far reaching effects of global warning, which insure ecosystems and agriculture among separate variables (Barret, nd). Therefore, the development and implementation of hydrogen fuel cell cars will devour a great influence in safe guarding life in our planet.DS1Section 3 MethodologyFinancial Sources for Research For any project to go forward to the physical enquiry stage there mustiness be internal and/or external sources of finance. Some examples include government grants, companies and non profit companies (Understanding Science, nd). For my own research, the most appropriate source of finance would be fam ilys income. This is because I will solely be buy ining out secondary research.Creating a budget for ResearchDS2The budget contendd for my research entails the consideration of the following comprise of broadband (SKY, 2016)Cost of electricity (sust-it, 2015)Cost of leasing of a computer (HARDSOFT, 2016)Cost Specification Monitory Cost (pounds)Broadband16Electricity0.34Leasing a computer65 intact appeal81.34Research influences and techniques In order to carry out the necessary research I utilize the Internets extensive database. The techniques involved in this kind of research are web browsing, which involves writing the pull inic or question you wish to explore in a search engine and extracting revelation information from the sources that appear. The other technique involved is referencing with the world renowned Harvard referencing model.Ethical Issues NanotechnologyDS3Although Nanotechnology has an array of very useful applications some ethical concerns were raised against its implementation. much(prenominal) concerns revolve mainly virtually the fact that it is not yet clear whether nanoparticles can, in fact, interact negatively with our cells. There are already examples of other types of particles of similar dimensions causing harm to our bodies. Such an example would be car fume particles being deposited in our lungs (techNyouvids, 2013) and possibly causing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and asthma attacks (Nairaland Forum, 2013). It is therefore only logical to question whether nanomaterials will have the same or worse effects on our health. As a result, more research would have to be carried out if Nanotechnology is to be an establish discipline with common practice within society.Section 4 Results and Discussion A Reducing the cost of the catalystsNanotechnology can reduce the cost of the catalyst (normally Platinum) used in a hydrogen fuel cells as less of the catalyst would be used (Soutter, 2016). In order to scale down traditional cata lysts, the top down manufacturing process can be used, which involves breaking down material of larger dimension into the desired nanomaterial (GrennFacts, 2016). Notable disadvantages of this process include the fact that a lot of material is wasted (2 Nano.gov, nd). and that approximately 250 complex steps are required to have the finished product (NanoScale Systems, 2015). An alternative technique is the bottom up manufacturing process, which entails building nanomaterials by constructing single atoms and molecules (GrennFacts, 2016).Additionally, since the catalyst is at nanoscale it will have a greater surface area increasing the reactivity of the catalyst and so the speed of the fuel cells chemical reaction (Nano.gov, nd). The benefits can be further developed by the introduction of porous nano support structures such as nanotubes, which would make the platinum nanoparticles even more accessible for reacting (Soutter, 2016). This would mean that electricity would me delivere d to the motor more quickly and so increase the acceleration of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Such an improvement would definitely make it more competitive in the commercialize and aid fuel cell cars to enter into mainstream industry waters.Furthermore, the development of normality doped nanotubes can replace platinum catalyst. Hence reducing the cost of hydrogen fuel cells since the cost of the catalyst amounted for 25% of the overall fuel cell cost (Soutter, 2016). The cheaper cost of nanotube catalysts is not the only advantage they offer they will also provide the fuel cell with the same or greater power output compared to the standard platinum catalyst. It is also important to consider the fact that nanotube structures are also stronger than conventional catalysts meaning they are not compromised by carbon monoxide when reacting chemically to create electricity. Such improvements would mean that fuel cell cars are even cheaper more powerful and have a thirster running life . As a result, Nanotechnology is certainly aiding this emerging car technology to enter the main road of the 21st-century commercial vehicle industry.B Reducing the cost of hydrogen production Around 75% of everything in our universe is in fact hydrogen (D spick-and-spans, 2015). As result utilizing this abundant element to fuel our cars seems the likes of a well-funded idea. Its production is also not in its infancy of development as the U.S creates 9 million metric tones of hydrogen annually (Dnews, 2015). However, current methods of hydrogen production are not ideal. An example would be that the method of obtaining hydrogen by breaking natural gas with high temperatures and pressures produces carbon dioxide. Another procedure involves splitting oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water with electricity, formally known as electrolysis (Dnews, 2015). Unfortunately, electricity for electrolysis is mainly obtained through the combustion of coal that is another carbon dioxide emitting proces s. The process of hydrogen production is also a notoriously expensive procedure, which is part of the reason for the lack of implementation of hydrogen fuel cell cars.Interestingly, however, creating new catalysts can also reduce the manufacturing of hydrogen. Since hydrogen can be produced by decomposing natural gas, which requires being passed over silicon or aluminum catalyst (BBC Bitesize, nd), a decrease in the price of the catalyst would directly reduce the cost of manufacturing hydrogen.C Extending fuel cells life once fully chargedThere have been numerous collaborations in order to improve the durability of batteries. One exciting development are nanowire batteries, which are now said to be able to have 200, 000 rounds of charging due to work at the University of California Irvine. Nanowires are made from gold and future developments could potentially provide the world with the first battery that does not require recharging. Another type of battery using nanotechnology has been developed by the MIT that last three times as long as current options on the market and it can be fully charged in just 6 minutes they have named it nano yolk (Pocket lit, 2016). Such developments would not only mean hydrogen fuel cell cars become mainstream vehicles but the main way of transport for our ever growing population (Pocket lit, 2016).D Increasing the safety of hydrogen storage A recent paper (ACS Nano) has suggested Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as an absorptive storage compound for hydrogen. The paper by leading author Dr. Kondo Francois Aguey Zinsou also stated that NaBH4 can absorb hydrogen so that it gives hydrogen fuel the same energy potential as that of petrol in a similar fuel tank. This would improve the safety of hydrogen storage since the compound NaBaH4 doesnt release hydrogen significantly at cabin temperatures, ranging from 57.3 degrees Celsius to 60.5 degrees Celsius (Manning, R., Ewing, J., 2009) DS4However, the compound does have to be engineered in the nanoscale and it has to be engulfed in a nickel shell. Moreover, the sponge-like compound (NaBH4) only releases hydrogen predominantly at 350 degrees Celsius (The A Register, nd).Section 5 ConclusionsDS5In order to determine whether Nanotechnology can transform hydrogen fuel cell cars into mainstream vehicles, the possibility of 1.15 million hydrogen fuel cell cars being part of the worlds roads must be analyzed. A supposititious perspective on the matter is provided by the US setting the target of having at least 15% of all of Californias cars to be zero emission vehicles be 2025 (Dnews, nd), that translates to 4.2 million cars In 2012 there were 27.7 million registered cars in California (Reference, nd). That most certainly exceeds my target of 1.5 million, which suggest Nanotechnology is on its way to make fuel cell cars mainstream vehicles in America at least. Therefore, I can conclude that Nanotechnology will turn hydrogen fuel cell cars into mainstream vehicles. It is just a matter of time and whether it will be sooner rather than later.Section 6 EvaluationDS6Overall the micro research project was carried well. I managed to acquire information from the Internet related to my chosen topic. Although a modification I would make for future report-writing would be to explore my general and then specific subject area before writing my report. I would do this because it will provide me with greater focus from the preliminary stages.In order to further the research work in this report, I would like to carry out primary research on the topic of producing hydrogen with no greenhouse emissions and on whether water vapor is a worse greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.Section 7 ReferencesDS7Barett, J.T. (nd) How Does the Release of Car Exhaust Fumes Cause Global Warming ready(prenominal) athttp//education.seattlepi.com/release-car-exhaust-fumes-cause-global-warming-3682.html (Accessed 30 dreadful 2016).BBC Bitesize (nd) fragmental distillation acquirable at http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zm2v4wx/revision/2 (Accessed 2 September 2016)CarbonBrief (2016) IEA There are now more than 1 million electric cars on the worlds road Available at https//www.carbonbrief.org/iea-there-are-now-more-than-one-million-electric-cars-on-the-worlds-roads (Accessed 30 August 2016).CHFCA (nd) What is a fuel cell Available athttp//www.chfca.ca/education-centre/what-is-a-fuel-cell/ (Accessed 30 August 2016).DigPhilosophy (2013) What is Nanotechnology? What applications can it be used for? Available at https//youtu.be/WOqEk440JZ8 (Accessed 29 August 2016).Dnews (2015) How Hydrogen Fuel Is Made Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5b6SthDbsE (Accessed 2September 2016)GreenFacts (2016) Bottom-up vs Top-down (in the context of use of nanoparticle formation) Available at http//www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/bottom-up-top-down.htm (Accessed 31 August 2016)HARDSOFT (2016) Lease and Hire the iMac 27 Retina 5k Available at https//www.hardsoftcomputer s.co.uk/apple-macs/apple-desktops/imac-27-retina-5k (Accessed 31 August 2016)Manning, R., Ewing, J. (2009) Temperature in Cars stare Available at https//www.racq.com.au//cars%20and%20driving//0814_temperature_in_cars_su.. (Accessed 3 September 2016)Nairaland Forum (2013) Do You Know How Dangerous The Car Exhaust Is To Your Health Car berate Nairaland Available at http//www.nairaland.com/1461704/know-how-dangerous-car-exhaust(Accessed 30 August 2016).Nanodic.com (nd) Nanoscale Available at http//www.nanodic.com/general/Nanoscale.htm (Accessed 1 September 2016)Nano.gov (nd) Whats So Special about the Nanoscale Available at http//www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special (Accessed 30 August 2016).2 Nano.gov (nd) Manufacturing at the Nanoscale Available at http//www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/manufacturing (Accessed 31 August 2016)NanoScale Systems (2015) Top Down vs Bottom Up 3D -Printing of sensors on the nanoscale Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1GepWC4WQ0 (Accessed 31 Aug ust 2016)Pocket lit (2016) Future Batteries, coming soon charge in seconds, last months and power over air Available at http//www.pocket-lint.com/news/130380-future-batteries-coming-soon-charge-in-seconds-last-months-and-power-over-the-air (Accessed 2September 2016)Register (nd) How many vehicles are in California Available at https//www.reference.com/vehicles/many-registered-vehicles-california-52c20f61bcb10e9d (Accessed 2 September 2016)SKY (2016) Sky Broadband Fibre and Talk Available at http//www.sky.com/shop/broadband-talk/ (Accessed 31 August 2016)Soutter, W. (2016) Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells Available at http//www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3032(Accessed 30 August 2016).sust-it (2015) Electricity Cost Calculator Available at http//www.sust-it.net/energy-calculator.php (Accessed 31 August 2016)Understanding Science (nd) Who pays for science Available at http//undsci.berkeley.edu/article/who_pays (Accessed 30 August 2016).techNyouvids (2013) Manufactured Nanomaterial s Health, Safety and the Environment Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkpcUpattE8 (Accessed 31 August 2016)The A Register (nd) Scientists find a new way to store hydrogen Available at http//www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/17/safe_hydrogen_storage/ (Accessed 2nd of September)Section 8 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of East London for hosting the STEM4TECH lectures that enabled me to understand and apply common practice in academe regarding report writing. I would also like to thank Dekkel Simmons for delivering the lectures and Andre Mozert for supporting the STEM4TECH project. DS1GoodDS2GoodDS3Good.DS4Not consistent with Harvard referencing.DS5GoodDS6GoodDS7Good

Another Holiday for the Prince Essay -- Literary Analysis, Elizabeth

In Another Holiday for the Prince by Elizabeth Jolley the author draws upon many themes, one in particular(a) that Jolley illustrates is how poverty influences changes in the individual lives within one family. To begin with the head of the family a father is never mentioned in the story, not even once. But by not having a father figure in the story the reader can understand a lot. In society the man is the one who earns the funds and provides all the essentials for his family, however this story is presented in a society were the mother has to be the man of the family. Ones egoism can be diminished as a result of poverty, alienation destructive effects of a week personality or society on the individual. The author effectively conveys this theme through the habit of characterization, symbolism and contrast. Jolley uses characterization to individualize each character in a poverty stricken family. The son is referred to as a prince by his mother some(prenominal) times through kay oed the story even though he is a high school muster outout. Mother always called him Prince she worried about him all the time. I couldnt think why. He was only my brother and a drop out at that (117). The author portrays the son to be someone with low self-esteem because he is worthless and a drop out he lives a miserable life. His mother tries to provide him with as much, but is unable to do this because of her accessible status is society. Sleeps the best thing he can have. I wish hed eat She watched me as I took bread and spread the butter thick, she was never mean about butter, when we didnt have other things we always had plenty of butter (117). Through this passage the author convincingly demonstrates that they are poor and cannot afford an assortment of thing... ...eral topic of school. The sister strives to graduate and go to school even though she is poor spell her brother blames the school for him dropping out and not graduating. I got out my social studies. Hot leg s has this idea of a test every Wednesday (118). This demonstrates that she is driven to study for class and get good grades while her brother tries to convince her that school is worth nothing and that there is no point in attending. Why dont you get out onwards they chuck you out. Thats all crap, he said, knocking the books across the floor. Youll only fail your exam and they dont want failures, spoils their bloody numbers. Theyll ask you to leave, keep in line if they dont (118). The brother tries to convince his sister that school is not a necessity and that living the way he does, being a drop out living in a poverty stricken family is the best thing.

Bubonic Plague :: essays research papers

Essay On Bubonic PlagueIn the primal 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in the east. Plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the illness to people. Once people are polluteed, they infect others very rapidly. Plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name. The disease also causes spots on the skin that are red at archetypal and then turn black. Since China was one of the busiest of the worlds trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China outflank to western Asia and Europe. In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, many an(prenominal) of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside. An eyewitness tells what happened "Realizing what a deadly disaster ha d get on to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and before long death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial."The disease struck and killed people with terrible speed. The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often "ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise."By the following August, the plague had spread as far north as England, where people called it "The Black Death" because of the black spots it produced on the skin. A terrible killer was loose across Europe, and Medieval medicine had nothing to attack it. In winter the disease seemed to disappear, but only because fleas--which were now helping to carry it from person to person--are dormant then. Each spring, the plague attacked again, killing new victims. later five years 25 million people were dead--one-third of Europes people. Even when the worst was over, smaller outbreaks continued, not just for years, but for centuries. The survivors lived in constant fear of the plagues return, and the disease did not disappear until the 1600s.

Humorous Wedding Speech by Brother of the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roas

Humorous Wedding Speech by Brother of the GroomGood afternoon Ladies and Gentlemen.My name is Bill, Michaels brother. Michael didnt choose me to be in the wedding party in the traditional way. Actually, I drew straws with our other brother Sean. (pause) But just because Im up here speaking dont for one exquisite think I was the winner. LaughterI think all went well this morning getting Michael ready for his big day. The condemned man ate a social breakfast, but alas I was unable to comply with his last request as a single man due to objections from the S.P.C.A...........Bloody do-gooders Going back several(prenominal) 30 years my first memory of Michael was that he was small and a bit dribbly yes thats right, very similar indeed to how he looked at the church building this morning. So it shouldnt be too hard to believe that he was a deeply ugly baby. So ugly in fact, that when he was born(p) the midwife had to be restrained from slapping my parents. And come to think of it, I re call my mum suffering badly from morning sickness . right up until Michaels 1st birthday. I was however very excited at the prospect of having another little brother. Someone I could dress up as a gimp and scar for life - you know, the usual brotherly stuff. But even before he was born he was getting ME into trouble. It was seven months into my mums pregnancy and I spotted her arriving back from a hospital check up. I was with dad and... ...t from someone whos motto is - If you dont same(p) my driving you should keep off the pavements. Michael, despite all the abuse Ive just dealt you, you really are a special person and a true fighter as well as a brother. Im lucky to know you and Im fortunate youve brought a warm and caring person into my life as well as yours. So seriously, I do hope Michael knows how lucky he is. Not only has he found a beautiful wife who completes a terrific couple but hes also found someone who wants to live with him for the rest of his life. I managed 14 years and that was more than enough for me Ladies and gentlemen, please raise your glaze and drink a toast to the health and happiness of Paul and Linda.

Pro-Life Essay -- essays research papers fc

Pro-LifeEnglish I1Abortion, when the topic comes up, it is usually something people do not like to discuss. People whitethorn tend to avoid this issue for fear of offending or angering others but it is extremely important that the horrors of this brutal practice be addressed. During the years 1965-1996 over 515 trillion babies draw been murdered, this is if you add the number of chemical and surgical abortions (www.rockforlife.org). This is what we need to understand abortion kills and we need to know where it came from.The legalization of abortion started in Mississippi in the year 1966 it was used in the cases of rape. Then other states began to expand the use of abortion. For instance, if it was the case of rape, incest, or the fetus had abnormalities or if it could seriously affect the drives health. In the year 1973 the Supreme Court decided on two cases, Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton. These decisions now effectively legalized abortions for any number of reasons. 1976, thing s have barely changed at all, but some laws have been passed to somewhat protect the babies. In Missouri permission for an abortion now had to be granted from the mothers parents if the mother is under eighteen or if she is married permission from her husband. May 12 1994, Bill Clinton virtually eliminated our first amendment rights of peaceful pro-life protestors by signing the law the freedom of Access Clinics Entrance Act (FACE). This act halted the right to demonstrate out...

Online Gaming in South Korea Essay examples -- Asia Technology Essays

Online Gaming in South KoreaThe rise of online gaming in South Korea has brought improved economic prospects and notoriety, but at what price?Beginning in the late 1990s South Korea has quickly become the undisputed might of the online gaming world. Gaming and the culture that has grown up around it are now the defining aspects of the lives of many South Korea youths. While this eruption of online gaming has created taxation for the country and made South Korea a global hotspot for international gamers it has also been a cause of concern in much the same modal value excessive television viewing and game playing has in the U.S. A number of factors contribute to the huge percentage of online-gamers in South Korea. A flying internet connection is a necessity and South Korea is, per capita, the most wired country in the world. Over 60% of households have broadband compared to 20% in the United States (Kim 2). South Koreas small geographical size and high population density make runni ng the required cabling an easier task than it would be in the U.S. Broadband access in South Korea is, furthermore, the cheapest in the world at $25 per month (Kim 2). Additionally, in South Korea console gaming isnt about as popular as it is in the U.S. and elsewhere. Console systems Playstation, Nintendo, Sega are by and large of Japanese origin. Due to past discord between the two countries Korean being a colony under the rather, at the time, iron-fisted Japanese Japanese imports have been both officially and culturally unpopular (Herz 3). Without consoles to take away from the tooth root of game players, in South Korea unlike the U.S., online computer gaming is the dominant form of electronic gaming.Though more than half the homes in South Korea a... ...bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2499957.stm)Fulford, Benjamin. Koreas Weird Wired World Forbes Online 21 July 2003. October 28, 2003. (http//www.forbes.com/technology/free_forbes/2003/0721/092.html?partner=newscom)Kim, Jin David. Lucrative Lessons from Online Game Players International Herald Tribune 12 prove 2002. October 28, 2003. (http//www.iht.com/articles/89432.html)Ihlwan, Moon. The Champs in Online Games Business Week Online 23 July 2001. October 28, 2003. (http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_30/b3742142.htm)Electro Lobby. E-Sport Gaming Goes Pro Interview. Unknown. October 28, 2003(http//www.tnc.net/el/el01/progaming.html)Related Linkshttp//www.worldcybergames.com/ - home site of the World Cyber Gameshttp//www.ncsoft.net/ - NCsoft, makers of derivinghttp//www.blizzard.com/ - Blizzard Inc., makers of Starcraft

Perception Of The Bourgeoisie in Steppenwolf Essay -- Hesse Steppenwol

Perception Of The Bourgeoisie in Steppenwolf Hermann Hesses Steppenwolf presents a paradoxical picture of the burgessie. The main character, Harry Haller, acknowledges his bourgeois upbringing and frequently has a bourgeois view about various aspects of society however, at the same time, he condemns the bourgeois lifestyle and all that it represents because of his perceived alienation from it. The bourgeoisie itself is represented in many different lights in Steppenwolf. The first representation is through the character of Hallers landladys nephew. The nephew is the most typical bourgeois in the novel, and thus the least explored representation because he easily fits into the readers own perceptions with no need for further elaboration. He is the petit bourgeois who goes to his business every twenty-four hour period, takes the same short lunch break, returns to work, goes home, and repeats the same unadventurous radiation pattern day after day without ever questioning his role in society or the reason for his existence. The Treatise on the Steppenwolf presents another portrait of Hesses perception of the bourgeoisie and of Hallers relationship to it. Haller is secretly and persistently attracted to the little bourgeois world (50) in the same way he is to jazz music which much as he hate it, had always had a secret charm for him.(37) Because he took up his abode always among the middle classes, he had grown accustomed to viewing society in a thoroughly bourgeois manner. (51) The treatise describes being bourgeois as seeking balance between two extremes at the cost of that intensity of life and olfactory property which an extreme life affords. (51) In this sense, Haller himself is bourgeois because he constant... ...nderstands it and resolves to be a better hand at the game (218) it seems that he will one day join Pablo and Mozart who are waiting for him in this magical realm free of bourgeois conventions. To teach him to laugh was the whole aim (177) and it is the only true felo-de-se of the Steppenwolf and the bourgeois self because its no good with a razor. (178) Only laughter can free the thousand facets of his soul. Works Cited Boulby, Mark. Herman Hesse His Mind and Art. Ithaca Cornell UP, 1967 Hesse, Hermann. Steppenwolf. Trans. Basil Creighton. Ed. Joseph Mileck and Horst Frenz. New York total heat Holt and Company Ltd., 1990 Wegener, Franz. Herman Hesses theory of National Socialism in Der Steppenwolf. Trans. Laura Campbell, Werner Habel and Eva-Maria Stuckel. http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Troy/8444/steppenwolfeng.html (visited 99/01/30)